Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Aqueous and Methanolic Extracts of Annona muricata Leaves on Reference Bacterial Strains
Criblage Phytochimique et Activité Antibactérienne Des Feuilles d'Annona Muricata L. contre Trois Souches Bactériennes de Référence
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.67260/hra.v4i8.7918Keywords:
Annona muricata, screening phytochemistry, seconder metabolites, antibacterialAbstract
ABSTRACT
Introduction. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance is a major threat to global public health, justifying the search for new active molecules, particularly from medicinal plants. Annona muricata L. (soursop) is used in African traditional medicine for its anti-infective properties, but its specific antibacterial activities remain to be characterized. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts of A. muricata against reference strains of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methods. Leaves of A. muricata were collected in Yaoundé (Cameroon) and identified at the National Herbarium. Aqueous (decoction) and methanolic (maceration) extracts were prepared. Phytochemical screening was performed using colorimetric methods, and total polyphenols were quantified by spectrophotometry. Antibacterial activity was evaluated by microdilution in liquid medium to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) against three reference strains (E. coli ATCC 25922, S. aureus NCTC 12973, P. aeruginosa CIP 7119). The MBC/MIC ratio was used to characterize the effect (bactericidal, bacteriostatic, or tolerant). Results. Both extracts contained phenolic compounds and cardiac glycosides. The aqueous extract had significantly higher total polyphenol content than the methanolic extract (366.0 vs 208.6 µg GAE/g; p < 0.05). Against E. coli, the aqueous extract showed bactericidal activity (MIC = 6.25 mg/mL; MBC = 12.5 mg/mL; MBC/MIC = 2), while the methanolic extract was bacteriostatic (MIC = 6.25 mg/mL; MBC = 25 mg/mL; MBC/MIC = 4). Against S. aureus, the aqueous extract was bacteriostatic (MIC = 12.5 mg/mL; MBC = 50 mg/mL; MBC/MIC = 4). Against P. aeruginosa, both extracts showed tolerant effects (MBC/MIC > 4). Conclusion. The aqueous extract of A. muricata leaves shows promising bactericidal activity against E. coli, related to its high polyphenol content. Toxicity, formulation, and in vivo activity studies are needed before considering therapeutic application in the fight against antimicrobial resistance.
RÉSUMÉ
Introduction. L'émergence de l'antibiorésistance constitue une menace majeure pour la santé publique mondiale, justifiant la recherche de nouvelles molécules actives, notamment à partir de plantes médicinales. Annona muricata L. (corossolier) est utilisée en médecine traditionnelle africaine pour ses propriétés anti-infectieuses, mais ses activités antibactériennes spécifiques restent à caractériser. Cette étude visait à évaluer l'activité antibactérienne des extraits aqueux et méthanolique des feuilles d'A. muricata contre des souches de référence d'Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus et Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Méthodes. Les feuilles d'A. muricata ont été collectées à Yaoundé (Cameroun) et identifiées à l'Herbier National. Les extraits aqueux (décoction) et méthanolique (macération) ont été préparés. Le criblage phytochimique a été réalisé par méthodes colorimétriques et les polyphénols totaux quantifiés par spectrophotométrie. L'activité antibactérienne a été évaluée par la méthode de microdilution en milieu liquide pour déterminer les concentrations minimales inhibitrices (CMI) et bactéricides (CMB) sur trois souches de référence (E. coli ATCC 25922, S. aureus NCTC 12973, P. aeruginosa CIP 7119). Le rapport CMB/CMI a permis de caractériser l'effet (bactéricide, bactériostatique ou tolérant). Résultats. Les deux extraits contenaient des composés phénoliques et des hétérosides cardiotoniques. L'extrait aqueux présentait une teneur en polyphénols totaux significativement plus élevée que l'extrait méthanolique (366,0 vs 208,6 µg EAG/g ; p < 0,05). Sur E. coli, l'extrait aqueux a montré un effet bactéricide (CMI = 6,25 mg/mL ; CMB = 12,5 mg/mL ; CMB/CMI = 2), tandis que l'extrait méthanolique était bactériostatique (CMI = 6,25 mg/mL ; CMB = 25 mg/mL ; CMB/CMI = 4). Sur S. aureus, l'extrait aqueux était bactériostatique (CMI = 12,5 mg/mL ; CMB = 50 mg/mL ; CMB/CMI = 4). Sur P. aeruginosa, les deux extraits ont montré un effet tolérant (CMB/CMI > 4). Conclusion. L'extrait aqueux des feuilles d'A. muricata présente une activité bactéricide prometteuse contre E. coli, liée à sa richesse en polyphénols. Des études de toxicité, de formulation et d'activité in vivo sont nécessaires avant d'envisager une application thérapeutique dans la lutte contre l'antibiorésistance.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Cedric Gueguim, Brice Bakoume Bassanak, Damase Assiene Oyong, Judith Caroline Ngo Nyobe, Julien Nko'o, Priscilla Nzie, Chimene Benga Mekoulou, Manga Sipewa Marie Julie, Sephora Nkamta Yomba, George Bathlemy Fonkou, Sebastien Bitomo Edjolo, Corneille Lawo Banga, Richard Ghogomu Tanwi, Lucien Etame Sone, Jean Lagarde Betti, Nnanga Nga
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