Diagnostic Performance of Conventional Smear, Liquid‑Based Cytology and Cell Block in Nigeria: A Comparative Study of 814 Specimens

Performance Diagnostique du Frottis Conventionnel, de la Cytologie en Phase Liquide et du Cell Block au Nigeria : Une Étude Comparative de 814 Échantillons

Authors

  • Efosa Bolaji Odigie Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences
  • Blessing Emosho Ogeyemhe Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20112328

Keywords:

Fine needle aspiration, cytology, Conventional smear, Liquid-based cytology, cell block, Diagnostic accuracy, cytomorphology, Specimen adequacy

Abstract

ABSTRACT
Introduction. Conventional smear is the standard cytological preparation, but liquid‑based cytology and cell block may improve diagnostic yield. Comparative data from Nigeria are scarce. Our study aimed to compare the diagnostic performance of conventional smear, liquid‑based cytology and cell block in serous body fluids and fine needle aspirates. Methods. A descriptive comparative laboratory‑based study included 814 specimens (392 serous fluids, 422 fine needle aspirates). Each specimen was processed by all three techniques. Specimen adequacy, cellular yield, background clarity, cytomorphological preservation, architectural arrangement and diagnostic clarity were assessed. Cochran’s Q test and McNemar test with Bonferroni adjustment were used. Sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy were calculated. Results. Specimen adequacy was highest with liquid‑based cytology (95.3%) and cell block (93.6%) versus conventional smear (87.5%; p<0.001). Liquid‑based cytology provided superior background clarity (96.1%) and nuclear/cytoplasmic preservation. Cell block showed the best architectural preservation (97.3%) and overall diagnostic clarity (96.8%). Sensitivity was 82.1% for conventional smear, 91.4% for liquid‑based cytology and 94.2% for cell block. Overall diagnostic accuracy was 90.4%, 95.3% and 96.8% respectively. Specificity was high across all techniques (≥96.5%). Cell block significantly reduced suspicious and inadequate diagnoses compared with conventional smear. Conclusion. Cell block provides the highest sensitivity and overall diagnostic accuracy, while liquid‑based cytology improves background clarity and specimen adequacy. Conventional smear remains useful but has lower performance. Cell block should be integrated into routine cytopathology practice in Nigeria when resources permit.
RESUME
Introduction. Le frottis conventionnel est la méthode standard, mais la cytologie en phase liquide et le cell block pourraient améliorer le rendement diagnostique. Les données comparatives du Nigeria sont limitées. Cette étude a comparé la performance diagnostique du frottis conventionnel, de la cytologie en phase liquide et du cell block dans les liquides séreux et les cytoponctions. Méthodes. Une étude descriptive comparative de laboratoire a inclus 814 échantillons (392 liquides séreux, 422 cytoponctions). Chaque prélèvement a été traité par les trois techniques. L’adéquation, la cellularité, la clarté du fond, la préservation cytomorphologique, l’architecture et la clarté diagnostique ont été évaluées. Les tests de Cochran et de McNemar avec correction de Bonferroni ont été utilisés. La sensibilité, la spécificité et la précision globale ont été calculées. Résultats. L’adéquation était maximale avec la cytologie en phase liquide (95,3 %) et le cell block (93,6 %) contre 87,5 % pour le frottis conventionnel (p<0,001). La cytologie en phase liquide offrait la meilleure clarté du fond (96,1 %) et la meilleure préservation nucléaire/cytoplasmique. Le cell block donnait la meilleure architecture (97,3 %) et la meilleure clarté diagnostique globale (96,8 %). La sensibilité était de 82,1 % pour le frottis conventionnel, 91,4 % pour la cytologie en phase liquide et 94,2 % pour le cell block. La précision globale était respectivement de 90,4 %, 95,3 % et 96,8 %. La spécificité était élevée pour toutes les techniques (≥96,5 %). Le cell block réduisait significativement les diagnostics suspects et inadéquats par rapport au frottis conventionnel. Conclusion. Le cell block offre la meilleure sensibilité et précision globale, tandis que la cytologie en phase liquide améliore la clarté du fond et l’adéquation. Le frottis conventionnel reste utile mais a des performances moindres. Le cell block devrait être intégré dans la pratique cytopathologique de routine au Nigeria lorsque les ressources le permettent.

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Published

05/26/2026

How to Cite

Efosa Bolaji Odigie, & Blessing Emosho Ogeyemhe. (2026). Diagnostic Performance of Conventional Smear, Liquid‑Based Cytology and Cell Block in Nigeria: A Comparative Study of 814 Specimens: Performance Diagnostique du Frottis Conventionnel, de la Cytologie en Phase Liquide et du Cell Block au Nigeria : Une Étude Comparative de 814 Échantillons. HEALTH RESEARCH IN AFRICA, 4(6). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20112328

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