Epidemiological, Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Prognostic Profile of Acute Bacterial Meningitis in Children in Ouahigouya (Burkina Faso)
Profil Épidémiologique, Diagnostique, Thérapeutique et Évolutif de la Méningite Bactérienne Aiguë de l’enfant à Ouahigouya (Burkina Faso)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18668439Keywords:
Bacterial meningitis; child; epidemiology; Burkina Faso; sub-Saharan AfricaAbstract
RÉSUMÉ
Introduction. La méningite bactérienne aiguë (MBA) est une cause majeure de morbi-mortalité infantile en Afrique. Ce travail avait pour objectif de décrire le profil épidémiologique, diagnostique, thérapeutique et évolutif de la méningite bactérienne aiguë (MBA) de l’enfant). Méthodologie. Nous avons mené une étude transversale descriptive au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Régional de Ouahigouya à collecte de données rétrospectives allant du 1er janvier 2020 au 31 décembre 2024. Tous les enfants âgés de 1 mois à 14 ans hospitalisés pour une MBA, définie par des critères cliniques et cytochimiques du liquide céphalo-rachidien (LCR), ont été inclus. Résultats. Sur 11 682 hospitalisations, 143 cas de MBA ont été identifiés (fréquence de 1,2%) et 101 ont été inclus dans l'analyse. L'âge médian était de 4,7 ans, avec une prédominance d'enfants de moins de cinq ans (68,3%). La fièvre (98%), les convulsions et les vomissements (51,5% chacun) étaient les symptômes prédominants. Un syndrome méningé physique n'était présent que dans 59,4% des cas. Streptococcus pneumoniae et Haemophilus influenzae étaient les principaux pathogènes identifiés. Le paludisme grave (35,5%) et la malnutrition aiguë sévère (12,9%) étaient les comorbidités les plus fréquentes. Une bi-antibiothérapie par ceftriaxone-gentamicine a été administrée dans 83,2% des cas. Le taux de létalité hospitalière était de 12,9% et des séquelles neurologiques ont été observées chez 3,9% des survivants. Conclusion. La MBA de l'enfant dans le nord du Burkina Faso se caractérise par une létalité élevée, des comorbidités fréquentes et un tableau clinique parfois aspécifique. L'amélioration du pronostic passe par un renforcement de l'accès au diagnostic étiologique précoce, notamment par des techniques de biologie moléculaire, et par une prise en charge intégrée des comorbidités.
ABSTRACT
Introduction. Acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) remains a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in Africa. The main of this study was to describe the epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic, and outcome profile of ABM in children. Methods. We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study with retrospective data collection from January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2024, at the Regional University Hospital Center of Ouahigouya. All children aged 1 month to 14 years hospitalized for ABM, defined by clinical criteria and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytochemical analysis, were included. Results. Among 11,682 hospitalizations, 143 cases of ABM were identified (frequency 1.2%), and 101 were included in the analysis. Median age was 4.7 years, with a predominance of children under five years (68.3%). Fever (98%), seizures, and vomiting (51.5% each) were the predominant symptoms. Physical meningeal syndrome was present in only 59.4% of cases. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae were the main pathogens identified. Severe malaria (35.5%) and severe acute malnutrition (12.9%) were the most frequent comorbidities. Dual ceftriaxone-gentamicin therapy was administered in 83.2% of cases. In-hospital case fatality rate was 12.9%, and neurological sequelae were observed in 3.9% of survivors. Conclusion. Childhood ABM in northern Burkina Faso is characterized by high lethality, frequent comorbidities, and sometimes nonspecific clinical presentation. Prognosis improvement requires enhanced access to early etiological diagnosis, particularly through molecular biology techniques, and integrated management of comorbidities.
References
1. WHO.Méningite [En ligne]. WHO ; [Cité le 09/01/2026]. Disponible sur : https://www.emro.who.int/fr/health-topics/meningitis/
2. Barichello T, Rocha Catalão CH, Rohlwink UK, van der Kuip M, Zaharie D, Solomons RS, et al. Bacterial meningitis in Africa. Front Neurol. 2023 ;14 :822575.
3. WHO. Premières lignes directrices sur le diagnostic, le traitement et les soins de la méningite [En ligne]. WHO ; [Cité le 10/01/2026]. Disponible sur : https://www.who.int/fr/news/item/10-04-2025-who-launches-first-ever-guidelines-on-meningitis-diagnosis--treatment-and-care
4. WHO. Weekly Epidemiological Bulletin - Week 38, 2025 [En ligne]. WHO ; [Cité le 14/01/ 2026]. Disponible sur : https://www.who.int/bangladesh/about-us/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-bulletin-week-38-2025
5. Ministère de la Santé. Annuaire statistique du Burkina Faso 2024. Burkina Faso ; 2025. 405 p.
6. Amare AT, Kebede ZT, Welch KD. Epidemiology of bacterial meningitis in children admitted to Gondar University Hospital in the post pneumococcal vaccine era. Pan Afr Med J. 2018 ;31 :193–202. Doi : 10.11604/pamj.2018.31.193.10254
7. Haman S, Kamo SH, Enyama D, Abouame PH, Salihou S, Dominique E, et al. Epidemiological, Clinical, and Evolutionary Profile of Children Admitted to the Pediatric Emergency Department of the Maroua Regional Hospital, Cameroon. Open J Pediatr. 2024 ;14(5) :878–88.
8. Godjedo TP, Paraiso MN, Agbankpe AJ, Dougnon TV, Degbey C, Ahoyo A, et al. Case-by-Case Surveillance for Bacterial Meningitis in Benin : Data Analysis, 2016 to 2018. Open J Epidemiol. 2020 ;10(01) :1–14.
9. Sidikou F, Potts CC, Zaneidou M, Mbaeyi S, Kadadé G, Paye MF, et al. Epidemiology of Bacterial Meningitis in the Nine Years Since Meningococcal Serogroup A Conjugate Vaccine Introduction, Niger, 2010-2018. J Infect Dis. 2019 ;220(220 Suppl 4):S206–15.
10. Dhraief S, Meftah K, Mhimdi S, Khiari H, Aloui F, Borgi A, et al. Epidemiological and bacterial profile of childhood meningitis in Tunisia. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung. 2024 ;71(2):148–54.
11. Braima JO, Fabio CM. Risk Factors for Cerebrospinal Meningitis Outbreaks in Northern Nigeria : A Look at Age, Sex and Season. ResearchGate. 2025 ;33(2):106–10.
12. Liu L, Zhang X, Chai Y, Zhang J, Deng Q, Chen X. Skull bone marrow and skull meninges channels : redefining the landscape of central nervous system immune surveillance. Cell Death Dis. 2025 ;16(1):53.
13. Chen L, Wu WL, Gao Y, Li X, Yang S, Liang H, et al. Pediatric bacterial meningitis in southern China : analysis of 838 cases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2025 ;15 :1481716.
14. Yanogo TG, Nikiema M, Bicaba S, Yameogo I, Porgho KH, Yameogo ML. Facteurs associés à la méningite au Burkina Faso de 2012 à 2021. Revue épidémiologique Santé Publique.2023 ;71(3).
15. Yakoubou A, Ayedadjou L, Tchiakpe NE, Ladipo O, Yerima E, Adjanohoun A, et al. Epidemiological-clinical, Therapeutic and Evolutionary Profile of Children Treated for Bacterial Meningitis at CHU-MEL (Benin). Asian J Pediatr Res. 2022 ;12–21.
16. Nguyen-Huu CD, Bui-Binh-Bao S, Tran KH, Mai VT, Nguyen-Thi DC, Tran-Thi HC, et al. Main Clinical and Laboratory Features of Children with Bacterial Meningitis: Experience from a Tertiary Paediatric Centre in Central Vietnam. Pediatr Health Med Ther. 2022 ;13:289–95.
17. Pypa LV, Lysytsia JN, Polishchuk DS, Svistilnik RV, Romanchuk KY. Clinical-epidemiological characteristics of acute bacterial meningitis in children of Khmelnitskyi region (Podilsky region, Ukraine): fifteen-year-long. Mod Pediatr Ukr. 2022 ;5(125) :35–42.
18. Lempinen L, Saat R, Niemelä S, Laulajainen-Hongisto A, Aarnisalo AA, Nieminen T, et al. Neurological sequelae after childhood bacterial meningitis. Eur J Pediatr. 2024 ;183(12) :5203–12.
19. Rahajamanana LV, Andriatahiana DS, Andrianjakasolo P, Raboba LJ, Ratovohery AN, Rasamindrakotroka A. Characteristics tests of cerebrospinal fluid cytology, chemistry and bacteriology in invasive paediatric bacterial meningitis in Madagascar. Int J Res Med Sci. 2022 ;10(6):1205–10.
20. Maïga B,Traoré B, Traoré K, Sacko K, Dembélé A, Traoré F, et al. Bacterial Meningitis in the Paediatric Emergency Department of CHU Gabriel Touré. Arch Pediatr. 2024 ; 9(2). Doi :10.29011/2575-825X.100312
21. Tekpa G, Ngai EG, Yangatimbi E, Kitakossi F, Mossoro-kpinde CD, Mbelesso P. Aspects cliniques et bactériologiques des méningites purulentes en zone rurale centrafricaine. Rev Malienne Infect Microbiol. 2020 ;15(1) :44–53.
22. Wang C, Xu H, Liu G, Liu J, Yu H, Chen B, et al. A multicenter clinical epidemiology of pediatric pneumococcal meningitis in China: results from the Chinese Pediatric Bacterial Meningitis Surveillance (CPBMS) 2019–2020. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2024 ; 14. Doi : 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1353433
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Ouattara Ad Bafa Ibrahim, Sanogo Bintou, Sawadogo Abdoulaye, Millogo Sain Gwladys Divine, Guira Ibrahim, Nacro Sahoura Fatimata, Traoré Solo, Nagalo Yi Yé André, Savadogo Hamidou, Ouermi Saga Alain, Sawadogo Nongoba, Barro Makoura, Kissou S Aimé

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work













