Toxic–Nutritional Optic Neuropathy Associated with Artisanal Alcohol and Tobacco Use in Mbuji-Mayi, Democratic Republic of the Congo: A Case–Control Study
Neuropathie Optique Toxique Alcoolo-Tabagique à Mbuji-Mayi (République Démocratique du Congo) : Une Étude Cas-Témoins
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18619549Keywords:
Toxic optic neuropathy, artisanal alcohol, tobacco, Mbuji MayiAbstract
RESUME
Introduction. Les neuropathies optiques toxiques et nutritionnelles sont des causes évitables de déficience visuelle, mais leur impact demeure peu documenté en République démocratique du Congo où la consommation d’alcool artisanal est répandue. Cette étude cas-témoins menée à Mbuji-Mayi visait à évaluer l’association entre la consommation d’alcool et/ou de tabac et les atteintes neurovisuelles compatibles avec une neuropathie optique toxique alcoolo-tabagique et nutritionnelle (NOTATN). Méthodes. De janvier à juin 2025, nous avons inclus 47 cas (consommateurs actifs d’alcool et/ou de tabac) et 47 témoins (jamais consommateurs). Tous ont bénéficié d’un examen ophtalmologique complet : acuité visuelle, sensibilité aux contrastes (Pelli‑Robson), champ visuel automatisé, fréquence critique de fusion (CFF), vision des couleurs (Farnsworth 100 hue) et tomographie par cohérence optique (OCT). La NOTATN était définie par l’anomalie d’au moins trois de ces cinq tests fonctionnels. Résultats. L’âge moyen était de 49,0 ± 14,1 ans ; 79,8 % étaient des hommes. Cinq sujets (5,3 %) présentaient une NOTATN, tous dans le groupe cas (soit 10,6 % des consommateurs). Des anomalies du champ visuel étaient observées chez 55,8 % des cas contre aucun témoin (p < 0,001 ; OR = 6,1). Les cas avaient des valeurs moyennes plus basses de CFF (33,4 vs 36,4 Hz ; p = 0,007), de sensibilité aux contrastes (1,6 vs 1,7 log ; p = 0,014) et un score d’erreur au Farnsworth plus élevé (169,6 vs 144,5 ; p = 0,032). À l’OCT, l’épaisseur moyenne des fibres nerveuses rétiniennes péripaillaires (108,0 vs 118,0 µm ; p = 0,005) et celle des cellules ganglionnaires maculaires (supérieure : 109,9 vs 115,1 µm, p = 0,043 ; inférieure : 109,0 vs 116,1 µm, p = 0,018) étaient significativement réduites chez les cas. Conclusion. La consommation d’alcool artisanal et de tabac est fortement associée à des atteintes structurelles et fonctionnelles du nerf optique à Mbuji-Mayi. Ces résultats justifient un dépistage ophtalmologique ciblé, des campagnes de sensibilisation et une régulation sanitaire des boissons alcoolisées artisanales.
ABSTRACT
Introduction. Toxic–nutritional optic neuropathies are preventable causes of visual impairment. Alcohol and tobacco are major risk factors, yet their ocular impact remains poorly documented in sub‑Saharan Africa, particularly in the Democratic Republic of the Congo where artisanal alcohol consumption is common. We conducted a case–control study in Mbuji‑Mayi to investigate the association between alcohol and/or tobacco use and neurovisual abnormalities consistent with toxic–nutritional optic neuropathy (TON). Methods. From January to June 2025, we enrolled 47 cases (active alcohol and/or tobacco users) and 47 controls (never users) at Saint Raphaël Ophthalmology Clinic, Mbuji‑Mayi. All participants underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic examination including: visual acuity, contrast sensitivity (Pelli‑Robson), automated perimetry (Oculus Centerfield), critical fusion frequency (CFF), color vision (Farnsworth 100 hue), and optical coherence tomography (REVO FC). TON was defined as abnormality in at least three of these five functional tests. Analyses used Student’s t‑test, χ² test, and logistic regression. Results. The 94 participants had a mean age of 49.0 ± 14.1 years; 79.8% were men. Five subjects (5.3%) met TON criteria, all in the case group (10.6% of consumers). Visual field defects were present in 55.8% of cases versus none of the controls (p < 0.001; OR = 6.07; 95% CI 2.01–18.3). Cases had lower mean CFF (33.4 ± 6.2 vs 36.4 ± 4.1 Hz; p = 0.007), reduced contrast sensitivity (1.6 ± 0.3 vs 1.7 ± 0.2 log; p = 0.014), and higher Farnsworth 100 hue error scores (169.6 ± 65.5 vs 144.5 ± 43.6; p = 0.032). OCT revealed lower average peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (108.0 ± 20.3 vs 118.0 ± 10.8 µm; p = 0.005) and reduced macular ganglion cell layer thickness (superior: 109.9 ± 18.2 vs 115.1 ± 20.7 µm, p = 0.043; inferior: 109.0 ± 17.6 vs 116.1 ± 20.0 µm, p = 0.018) in cases. Conclusion. Artisanal alcohol and tobacco use is strongly associated with both structural and functional optic nerve damage in this Congolese population. These findings support targeted ophthalmologic screening, public health campaigns, and stricter regulation of artisanal alcoholic beverages.
References
1. Catherine V, Cédric L. Neuro-ophtalmologie pratique. Société Française d’Ophtalmologie. 2020 ; 189 p.
2. Gryzybowski A, Zmysloska A. Tabako-alcohol amblyopia: the toxic-nutritional optic neuropathy. Acta Ophtalmologica.2014; 92(6): e497-e498.
3. Vignal-Clermont C., Cochard-Marianowski C. Neuropathies optiques toxiques. Encyclopédie Médico Chirurgicale. Ophtalmologie. Elsevier Paris. 21-485-A-10. 1997.
4. Miléa D. Nutritional, toxic and drug-related optic neuropathies. La Revue du Praticien. 51(20) : 2215-9. 2001.
5. OMS “Global Status Report on alcohol and health” [on line]. (2011, February), 85 p.
6. Gryzybowski A, et al. Tobacco-alcohol optic neuropathy: current understanding. Acta ophtalmol.2016;4(5):402-409.
7. Sadun AA, Martone J. Nutritional and toxic optic neuropathys. In: Levin LA, Albert DM, eds. Ocular Disease: Mechanisms and Management. Elsevier; 2020. P 1123-1132.
8. World Health Organisation (WHO). Tobacco and vision health: Evidence summary. Geneva: WHO Press; 2017.
9. Katz BJ, Stone EM. Optic neuropathies associated with toxic and nutritional causes. Cur opin ophtalmol.2021; 32(6):541-548.
10. Kaimbo wa Kaimbo D. Les neuropathies optiques toxiques et carentielles en Afrique. Med Trop (Mars).2011;71(3):231-234.
11. Osanguona VB, et al. Toxic neuropathy in Sub-Saharan Africa: challenges in diagnosis and management. Niger J ophtalmol. 2019; (2):55-60.
12. World Health Organisation Global Status Report on alcool and Health 2018. World Health Organisation 2018 (accessed on 16 November 2020); avaible online: https://www.whoint/i/item/global-status-report-on-alcohol-and-health-2018)
13. Rehm J, Shield KD, Weiderpass E. Alcohol consumption: a leading risk factor for burden of disease worldwide. Lancet. 2021; 37 (1023) :2227-2245.
14. Victor M, Adams RD, Collins GH. The Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome and Related Neurological Disorders Due to Alcoholism and Malnutrition. 2nd ed. Philadelphia : F.A. Davis;1989.
15. Koike H, Sobue G. Alcoholic neuropathy. Curr opin Neurol. 2006 ; 19(5) :481-486.
16. Bekibele co, Ajaji oo. Nutritional and toxic optic neuropathies in Nigeria patients, 2003
17. Akano EO, Omotoye TA (Nigeria, 2005) - Clinical features of toxic optic neuropathy in alcool and tobacco users in Ibadan.
18. Sadun AA et al. (Cuba, 1994)-Optic neuropathy in cuban epidemic.
19. Hassania-Moghaddan H, Pakravan M, et al. Outbreak of methanol-induced optic neuropathy in early COVID-19 era. World J clin cases. 2023; 11(1):1-10.
20. Rizzo JF,Lessel S. Tobacco-alcohol amblyopia : a review of 103 cases. Arch Ophtalmol. 1989; 107(9):1391-8.
21. Sadun AA, Martone JF, Muci-Mendoza R. Nutritional ambliopia: a review and case series. Neuro-Ophtalmology. 2003; 27(1):1-12.
22. Baj J, Forma A, kobak J, Tyczynska M,Dudek l, Maani A, et al. Toxic and Nutritional optic Neuropathies-An Updated Mini-Review.Int J Environ Res Public Health.2022 ;19(5) :3092.
23. Grzybowski A, Obuchowska I, Arndt C.OCT in Toxic and nutritional optic neuropathies. Metrovision Monograph.2020.
24. Xu L, Wang Y,Wang S, Jonas JB. High prevalence of optic neuropathy in chinese rural populations with nutritinal deficiencies. Ophtalmology. 2006; 113(3):447-54.
25. Carelli V et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction in acquired optic neuropathies. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2022; 91: 101032.
26. Grzybowski A et al. Réversible optic neuropathies : mécanisms and management. Surv Ophthalmol. 2021; 66 (5): 734-750.
27. Roda M et al. Nutritional optic Neuropathies: stade of Art and Emerging evidence. Nutrients. 2020; 12(9): 2651.
28. Chukwuka IO et al. Pattern of optic neuropathy in Nigerian adults. Niger J Clin Pract. 2021; 24: 894-900.
29. Behbehani A et al. Clinical approach to optic neuropathies. Clin Ophthalmol. 2020; 14: 357-372.
30. Sadun AA et al. Pathophysiology of optic neuropathies releted deficiency. Curr opin ophtalmol. 2019; 30:483-490.
31. Longherena M et al. One-year follow-up of a tobacco- alcohol optic neuropathy: Case report. BMC Ophthalmol. 2024.
32. Eye wiki. Tobacco-Alcohol Optic Neuropathy. 2023 update.
33. FAO & OMS. Micronutrient deficiencies and malnutrition in central Africa. 2024.
34. Badibanga C. « Préparation de l’alcool éthilique à base de la farine de maïs et de manioc » (inédit) TFE., ISP Mbujimayi, 1994-1995, p.21-28.
35. MBO, V. Contribution à l’étude de la distillation du mélange eau-alcool de Mbuji-Mayi’’ (Inédit). F.F.E., ISP Mbuji-Mayi, 1993-1994, p. 27-31.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Kasongo Builu Simon Pierre, Kayembe Kayembe Dave, Kabedi Ngoy Nelly, Hardi Richard, Tshimbele Ilunga Patrick, Nsamba Tshimanga Therese, Kampetemba Adolphe, Kayembe Lubeji David

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work













