Congenital Heart Defects and Postnatal Cardiac Abnormalities in Infants of Diabetic Mothers in Kinshasa: A Multicenter Cross‑Sectional Study
Cardiopathies Congénitales et Anomalies Cardiaques Post‑Natales Chez les Enfants de Mères Diabétiques à Kinshasa : Une Étude Transversale Multicentrique
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18620448Keywords:
Gestational diabetes; pregestational diabetes; congenital heart defects; septal hypertrophy; echocardiography; postnatal screening; Democratic Republic of the CongoAbstract
RÉSUMÉ
Introduction. Le diabète maternel est un facteur de risque majeur de cardiopathies congénitales. En Afrique subsaharienne, peu d’études ont documenté le retentissement cardiaque postnatal chez les enfants exposés. Cette étude transversale menée à Kinshasa visait à décrire les anomalies échocardiographiques observées chez les nouveau‑nés et nourrissons de mères diabétiques, et à identifier les facteurs associés. Méthodes. De février 2024 à mars 2025, nous avons inclus de façon exhaustive les enfants âgés de moins de six mois, nés de mère diabétique, dans quatre hôpitaux généraux de Kinshasa tirés au sort. Tous ont bénéficié d’une échocardiographie Doppler standardisée par un cardio‑pédiatre, avec mesure du septum interventriculaire exprimée en Z‑score. Les caractéristiques maternelles, néonatales et les anomalies cardiaques structurelles ont été recueillies. Les associations ont été testées par régression logistique. Résultats. Sur 109 enfants inclus (âge moyen 30,6 ± 5,6 ans pour les mères ; 58,7 % de garçons), 32 (29,4 %) présentaient au moins une anomalie cardiaque. L’hypertrophie septale isolée était la lésion la plus fréquente (17,4 %). Les autres malformations incluaient communications interventriculaires, interauriculaires et persistance du canal artériel, souvent associées entre elles. Les enfants macrosomes avaient un risque multiplié par 2,8 (IC 95 % 1,1–7,3 ; p = 0,029). Un diabète maternel équilibré réduisait significativement ce risque (OR = 0,6 ; IC 95 % 0,5–0,7 ; p = 0,032). Conclusion. À Kinshasa, près d’un tiers des enfants de mères diabétiques présentent une anomalie cardiaque dépistable en période post‑natale, dominée par l’hypertrophie septale. La macrosomie et le mauvais équilibre glycémique maternel sont des facteurs de risque modifiables. Ces résultats plaident pour un dépistage échocardiographique systématique dans cette population à risque.
ABSTRACT
Introduction. Maternal diabetes is a major risk factor for congenital heart disease. In sub‑Saharan Africa, few studies have documented postnatal cardiac outcomes in exposed infants. This cross‑sectional study conducted in Kinshasa aimed to describe echocardiographic abnormalities observed in newborns and infants of diabetic mothers and to identify associated factors. Methods. From February 2024 to March 2025, we exhaustively enrolled infants under six months of age born to diabetic mothers in four randomly selected general hospitals in Kinshasa. All underwent standardized Doppler echocardiography performed by a pediatric cardiologist, with measurement of the interventricular septum expressed as Z‑score. Maternal and neonatal characteristics and structural cardiac abnormalities were recorded. Associations were tested using logistic regression. Results. Among 109 included infants (mean maternal age 30.6 ± 5.6 years; 58.7% boys), 32 (29.4%) had at least one cardiac abnormality. Isolated septal hypertrophy was the most frequent lesion (17.4%). Other malformations included ventricular and atrial septal defects and patent ductus arteriosus, often in combination. Macrosomic infants had a nearly three‑fold increased risk (OR = 2.8; 95% CI 1.1–7.3; p = 0.029). Well‑controlled maternal diabetes significantly reduced this risk (OR = 0.6; 95% CI 0.5–0.7; p = 0.032). Conclusion. In Kinshasa, nearly one‑third of infants of diabetic mothers have a postnatally detectable cardiac abnormality, predominantly septal hypertrophy. Macrosomia and poor maternal glycemic control are modifiable risk factors. These findings support systematic echocardiographic screening in this at‑risk population.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Malambu Makengo Héritier, Senga Lwamba John, Mangyanda kinkembo Laurent, Lumbala Paul, Shango Polycarpe, Mbuila Celestin, Kayembe Claude, Kapinga Kabongo Lina, Mankenda Mambote Francesca, Bikoumou

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