Assessing the Resilience and Core Functions of Cameroon’s Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) System: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Evaluation in 2023

Évaluation de la Résilience et des Fonctions de Base du Système de Surveillance Intégrée des Maladies et de Riposte (SIMR) au Cameroun : Une Étude Transversale Nationale en 2023

Authors

  • Chanceline Bilounga Ndongo 1. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences of University of Douala, Cameroon
  • Nestor Atangana Onana 2. Department for the Control of Disease, Epidemics and Pandemics Ministry of Public Health, Cameroon
  • Linda Esso 2. Department for the Control of Disease, Epidemics and Pandemics Ministry of Public Health, Cameroon
  • Protais Cyriaque Etene 4. Ministries of Livestock, Fisheries and Animal Industries
  • Armelle Viviane Ngomba 1. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences of University of Douala, Cameroon
  • Elise Ikoula Amougou 5. Health Information Unit
  • Annick Mfoulou Assala 6. National Laboratory of Public Health
  • Boris Kompguep 2. Department for the Control of Disease, Epidemics and Pandemics Ministry of Public Health, Cameroon
  • Manuella Efemba 2. Department for the Control of Disease, Epidemics and Pandemics Ministry of Public Health, Cameroon
  • Luc Bakebeg 2. Department for the Control of Disease, Epidemics and Pandemics Ministry of Public Health, Cameroon
  • Raoul Nembot 7. Expanded Program of Immunization
  • Durand YK Gameni 2. Department for the Control of Disease, Epidemics and Pandemics Ministry of Public Health, Cameroon
  • Loïc Tchoupo 2. Department for the Control of Disease, Epidemics and Pandemics Ministry of Public Health, Cameroon
  • Georges Alain Etoundi 2. Department for the Control of Disease, Epidemics and Pandemics Ministry of Public Health, Cameroon
  • Georges Alain Etoundi 2. Department for the Control of Disease, Epidemics and Pandemics Ministry of Public Health, Cameroon
  • André Arsène Bita Fouda 1. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences of University of Douala, Cameroon
  • Jules Leon Owona Manga 1. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences of University of Douala, Cameroon
  • Georges Nguefack-Tsague 2. Department for the Control of Disease, Epidemics and Pandemics Ministry of Public Health, Cameroon

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18324654

Keywords:

Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response; Cameroon; Public Health Surveillance; Outbreak Preparedness; Health Security

Abstract

ABSTRACT
Introduction. Despite adopting IDSR in the early 2000s, Cameroon had yet to conduct a comprehensive nationwide evaluation of its surveillance system's effectiveness and operational gaps against global infectious threats. Methodology. This 2023 nationwide cross-sectional study evaluated Cameroon’s IDSR system across 50 districts and 153 facilities. Using surveys, observations, and records reviews, the study assessed core functions—from detection to resource availability—across all levels of the health system using descriptive statistics. Results. Regional-level structures demonstrated strong capacities in data analysis, outbreak investigation, and use of surveillance data for public health action. Standard case definitions were universally available at regional and district levels, and 95% of health facilities entered surveillance data into DHIS2. However, performance declined at operational levels: reporting timeliness averaged 77.4%, in-depth outbreak investigations were conducted in only 48.5% of districts, and routine data analysis at health facility level remained below 50%. Limited availability of IDSR technical guidelines (22.9% of facilities), shortages of notification and investigation forms, insufficient supervision, logistical constraints, and absence of dedicated budget lines for epidemic preparedness significantly hindered effective implementation. Conclusion. Despite adopting IDSR in 2000, the effectiveness of Cameroon’s surveillance system had never undergone a comprehensive nationwide evaluation.
RÉSUMÉ
Introduction. Malgré l'adoption de la SIMR au début des années 2000, le Cameroun manquait jusqu'ici d'une évaluation nationale complète de l'efficacité et des lacunes opérationnelles de son système de surveillance face aux menaces infectieuses mondiales. Méthodologie. Cette étude transversale nationale menée en 2023 a évalué le système SIMR du Cameroun dans 50 districts et 153 formations sanitaires. À l'aide d'enquêtes, d'observations et d'une revue documentaire, l'étude a analysé les fonctions de base — de la détection à la disponibilité des ressources — à tous les niveaux du système de santé via des statistiques descriptives. Résultats. Les structures de niveau régional ont démontré de solides capacités en matière d'analyse de données, d'investigation des flambées et d'utilisation des données de surveillance pour l'action de santé publique. Les définitions de cas standards étaient universellement disponibles aux niveaux régionaux et des districts, et 95 % des formations sanitaires saisissaient les données de surveillance dans le DHIS2. Cependant, la performance déclinait aux niveaux opérationnels : la promptitude de la notification s'élevait en moyenne à 77,4 %, des investigations approfondies de flambées n'ont été menées que dans 48,5 % des districts, et l'analyse de routine des données au niveau des formations sanitaires restait inférieure à 50 %. La disponibilité limitée des guides techniques de la SIMR (22,9 % des structures), les pénuries de formulaires de notification et d'investigation, l'insuffisance de la supervision, les contraintes logistiques et l'absence de lignes budgétaires dédiées à la préparation aux épidémies ont considérablement entravé la mise en œuvre efficace. Conclusion. Malgré l'adoption de la SIMR en 2000, l'efficacité du système de surveillance camerounais n'avait encore jamais fait l'objet d'une évaluation nationale complète.

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Published

01/25/2026

How to Cite

Chanceline Bilounga Ndongo, Nestor Atangana Onana, Linda Esso, Protais Cyriaque Etene, Armelle Viviane Ngomba, Elise Ikoula Amougou, … Georges Nguefack-Tsague. (2026). Assessing the Resilience and Core Functions of Cameroon’s Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) System: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Evaluation in 2023: Évaluation de la Résilience et des Fonctions de Base du Système de Surveillance Intégrée des Maladies et de Riposte (SIMR) au Cameroun : Une Étude Transversale Nationale en 2023. HEALTH RESEARCH IN AFRICA, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18324654

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