Gender-Specific Outcomes of Anemia in ICU Patients in Bamenda (Cameroon): A Prospective Cohort Study

Résultats Spécifiques au Genre de l'Anémie chez les Patients en USI à Bamenda : Une Étude de Cohorte Prospective

Authors

  • Ndifor Judethaddeus 1. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
  • Zama Momela 3. Catholic University of Cameroon (CATUC), Bamenda, Cameroon
  • Djontu Steve Michel 2. Regional Hospital Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
  • Mandeng Ma Linwa Edgar 4. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
  • Alex Tatang Mambap 1. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
  • Pius-mary Kindong Nchindo 1. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
  • Takow Arrah Estwil 2. Regional Hospital Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
  • Kifem Larrisa Berinyuy 5. Baptist Hospital Nso, Nso, Cameroon
  • Jemea Bonaventure 6. Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17631668

Keywords:

Anaemia, ICU, Bamenda, Cameroon, Gender, Sub-Sharan Afrrica

Abstract

ABSTRACT
Introduction. Anemia is prevalent in the intensive care units (ICUs), particularly in resource-limited settings. We aimed to assess the prevalence and severity of anaemia on admission and explore gender-specific outcomes in Cameroonian patients admitted in the ICU. Methodology. We conducted a prospective cohort study (January 7–May 7, 2025) at the ICU of the Regional Hospital Bamenda, Northwest region of Cameroon. Anemia was defined per WHO criteria (haemoglobin <13 g/dL men, <12 g/dL women). We collected haemoglobin levels through a full blood count on admission and day 4. Other variables included gender, age, operative status, sepsis, ICU stay, and mortality (death vs alive/transferred/discharged against medical advice). Cross-tabulations with chi-square and McNemar’s tests assessed associations. Logistic regression analysed factors associated with anaemia on admission and mortality, while linear regression analysed ICU stay, including anemia as a predictor. Significance was set at p<0.05. Results. Of 110 patients (58 male, 52 female), 77 (70.0%) had anemia on admission (males: 70.7%; females: 69.2%; chi-square p=0.865). Anaemia severity was mostly mild (48.4%), moderate (40.6%), or severe (10.9%; chi-square p=0.712). On day 4, 64/105 (61·0%) were anaemic; 52·4% remained anaemic, 17·1% resolved, 8·6% developed anemia, and 21·9% stayed non-anaemic (McNemar’s p=0·124) with no gender differences and a shift toward milder severity (48·4% mild vs 44·2% admission; 10·9% severe vs 18·2% admission). Of all admitted patients, 26 (23·6%) received blood transfusions. Mortality was 9.1% and mean ICU stay was 4.9 days (chi-square p=0.921). Sepsis increased mortality (OR 4.64, p=0.036) and ICU stay (β=1.91, p=0.026). Gender, age, surgical status, and anemia were not significantly associated (p>0.05) with mortality or ICU stay. Conclusion. Anemia is highly prevalent in RHB’s ICU, with no significant gender or anemia-related differences in mortality or ICU stay. Sepsis drives adverse outcomes, highlighting the need for targeted interventions in resource-limited settings. The high rate of unresolved anemia suggests the urgency for improved management strategies.
RÉSUMÉ
Introduction. L'anémie est très fréquente dans les unités de soins intensifs (USI), particulièrement dans les milieux à ressources limitées. Cette étude visait à évaluer la prévalence et la gravité de l'anémie à l'admission et à explorer les résultats spécifiques au genre chez les patients camerounais admis en USI. Méthodologie. Nous avons mené une étude de cohorte prospective (7 janvier au 7 mai 2025) à lUSI de l'Hôpital Régional de Bamenda. L'anémie a été définie selon les critères de l'OMS. Nous avons analysé les taux d'hémoglobine à l'admission et au jour 4, le genre, l'âge, le statut opératoire, le sepsis, la durée du séjour en USI et la mortalité. Des régressions logistiques et linéaires ont analysé les facteurs associés. Résultats. Sur 110 patients (58 hommes, 52 femmes), 77 (70,0%) présentaient une anémie à l'admission, sans différence significative selon le genre (p=0,865). L'anémie était majoritairement légère (48,4%) ou modérée (40,6%). Au jour 4,61,0% des patients restaient anémiques (52,4% non résolue, 8,6% nouvelle) avec un léger déplacement vers une gravité plus légère. Le taux de mortalité était de 9,1% et la durée moyenne du séjour en USI de 4,9 jours, sans différence liée au genre ou à l'anémie. Le sepsis était le seul facteur significativement associé à l'augmentation de la mortalité (OR 4,64; p=0,036) et à la durée du séjour en USI (beta=1,91; p=0,026). Conclusion. L'anémie est extrêmement prévalente à l'USI de l'Hôpital Régional de Bamenda, mais n'est pas un facteur prédictif significatif de la mortalité ou de la durée du séjour, contrairement au sepsis qui est le principal moteur des issues défavorables.

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Published

11/25/2025

How to Cite

Ndifor Judethaddeus, Zama Momela, Djontu Steve Michel, Mandeng Ma Linwa Edgar, Alex Tatang Mambap, Pius-mary Kindong Nchindo, … Jemea Bonaventure. (2025). Gender-Specific Outcomes of Anemia in ICU Patients in Bamenda (Cameroon): A Prospective Cohort Study: Résultats Spécifiques au Genre de l’Anémie chez les Patients en USI à Bamenda : Une Étude de Cohorte Prospective. HEALTH RESEARCH IN AFRICA, 3(12). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17631668

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