Myelomeningocele in Gabon: Epidemiological Insights, Surgical Management and Outcome
Le Spina Bifida Myéloméningocèle au Gabon : Aspects Épidémiologiques, Chirurgicaux et Évolutifs
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/hra.v3i6.6758Keywords:
congenital malformation, spina bifida, myéloméningicele, Mother and Child University Hospital, Owendo University Hospital, LibrevilleAbstract
RÉSUMÉ
Introduction. Le spina bifida myéloméningocèle (SBM), anomalie congénitale grave du tube neural, entraîne des déficits neurologiques et des complications systémiques. Cette étude décrit les aspects épidémiologiques, cliniques et thérapeutiques des SBM au Gabon. Matériel et méthodes. Nous avons mené une étude prospective descriptive sur 12 mois (août 2020–juillet 2021) aux CHU d’Owendo et Mère-Enfant. Tous les enfants atteints de SBM ont été inclus. Les données démographiques, cliniques, chirurgicales et évolutives ont été analysées. Résultats. Sur 13 patients inclus (69,23 % de filles ; sex-ratio H/F = 0,4), 61,54 % étaient nés à terme. Le score d’Apgar à 1 minute était normal (53,85 %), faible (38,46 %) ou très faible (7,69 %). Tous présentaient un SBM lombaire avec déficit neurologique : paraparésie/troubles sphinctériens (84,62 %) ou troubles sphinctériens isolés (15,38 %). Une hydrocéphalie était associée dans 61,54 % des cas. La fermeture chirurgicale a été réalisée à 34,38 jours de vie en moyenne (extrêmes : 5–157 jours), incluant réintégration du tissu neural et réparation aponévrotique. Une dérivation ventriculo-péritonéale a été posée chez 61,54 % des patients (3 en peropératoire, 5 en postopératoire). Les complications postopératoires incluaient des infections de plaie (30,77 %), une méningite mortelle (7,69 %) et une récidive de méningocèle (7,69 %). La durée moyenne d’hospitalisation était de 5,08 jours. À 6 mois, tous les survivants (92,31 %) avaient une évolution favorable. Conclusion. Le SBM au Gabon est associé à une morbidité élevée (hydrocéphalie, infections) malgré une prise en charge chirurgicale systématique. L’accès limité à la prévention (supplémentation en acide folique) et au suivi multidisciplinaire aggrave le pronostic. Une stratégie intégrant prévention primaire, chirurgie précoce et rééducation est urgente.
ABSTRACT
Introduction. Myelomeningocele (MMC), a severe neural tube defect, leads to neurological deficits and systemic complications. This study outlines the epidemiological, clinical, and therapeutic features of MMC in Gabon. Methods. A 12-month prospective descriptive study (August 2020–July 2021) was conducted at Owendo and Mother-Child University Hospitals. All children with MMC were included. Demographic, clinical, surgical, and outcome data were analyzed. Results. Among 13 patients (69.23% female; M/F ratio = 0.4), 61.54% were born at term. Apgar scores at 1 minute were normal (53.85%), low (38.46%), or very low (7.69%). All had lumbar MMC with neurological deficits: paraplegia/sphincter dysfunction (84.62%) or isolated sphincter issues (15.38%). Hydrocephalus was associated in 61.54%. Surgical closure was performed at a mean age of 34.38 days (range: 5–157 days), involving neural tissue reintegration and aponeurotic repair. Ventriculoperitoneal shunts were placed in 61.54% (3 intraoperatively, 5 postoperatively). Postoperative complications included wound infections (30.77%), fatal meningitis (7.69%), and meningocele recurrence (7.69%). Mean hospitalization duration was 5.08 days. At 6 months, all survivors (92.31%) showed favorable outcomes. Conclusion. MMC in Gabon is linked to high morbidity (hydrocephalus, infections) despite systematic surgical care. Limited access to prevention (folate supplementation) and multidisciplinary follow-up worsens prognosis. An integrated strategy combining primary prevention, early surgery, and rehabilitation is urgently needed.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Léandre Mouele Nguele, Mélina Nkole Aboughe, Nguele Djota, Issa Goita, Elyse Denise Okome Mezui, Natacha Boumas

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